USB Wikipedia. Universal Serial Bus USBCertified USB logo. Type. Bus. Production history. Designer. Compaq, DEC, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, NEC, and Nortel. Total Output Drops Increasing Serial Interface Diagram' title='Total Output Drops Increasing Serial Interface Diagram' />Cisco Validated Design. July 17, 2008. Introduction Scope. This document provides design recommendations, configuration examples, and scalability test results for. View and Download Atlas Copco PowerMACS 4000 user manual online. PowerMACS 4000 Power Tool pdf manual download. Back to HomeBuilt Carbon Dioxide CO2 Laser SubTable of Contents. Other Examples of HomeBuilt CO2 Lasers Iannini CO2 Laser Description The summary below is for. Total Output Drops Increasing Serial Interface Diagram' title='Total Output Drops Increasing Serial Interface Diagram' />Designed. January 1. Produced. Since May 1. Superseded. Serial port, parallel port, game port, Apple Desktop Bus, PS2 port, and Mag. Safe. General specifications. Length. 25 m 6 ft 7 in1. The WebSphere Application Server Performance Cookbook covers performance tuning for WebSphere Application Server, although there is also a very strong focus on Java. View and Download NewTek TriCaster Mini user manual online. TriCaster Mini Recording Equipment pdf manual download. Inbound Logistics glossary of transportation, logistics, supply chain, and international trade terms can help you navigate through confusion and get to the meaning. Back to Sams Laser FAQ Table of Contents. Back to HeliumNeon Lasers SubTable of Contents. HeNe Laser Characteristics, Applications, Safety. Width. 12 mm type A28. B6. 8 mm minimicro8. CHeight. 4. 5 mm type A27. B1. 0. 4. 4 mm type B Super. Speed1. 83 mm minimicro2. CHot pluggable. Yes. External. Yes. Cable. Super. SpeedPins. On The Go9 Super. Speed1. 1 Powered B Super. Speed2. 4 type CConnector. Unique. Electrical. Signal. 5 V DCMax. Va7. 00. 05. 00. V USB 3. V PDMax. current. A USB 2. 00. 9 A USB 3. A BC 1. 23 A type CUp to 5 A PDData. Data signal. Packet data, defined by specifications. Width. 1 bit. Bitrate. Mbits depending on modeMax. Protocol. Serial. Pin out. The type A plug left and type B plug rightPin 1     VBUS 5 VPin 2     DataPin 3     DataPin 4     Ground. USB, short for Universal Serial Bus, is an industry standard that defines cables, connectors and communications protocols for connection, communication, and power supply between computers and devices. USB was designed to standardize the connection of computer peripherals including keyboards, pointing devices, digital cameras, printers, portable media players, disk drives and network adapters to personal computers, both to communicate and to supply electric power. It has largely replaced a variety of earlier interfaces, such as serial ports and parallel ports, as well as separate power chargers for portable devices and has become commonplace on a wide range of devices. Created in the mid 1. USB Implementers Forum USB IF. OvervieweditIn general, there are three basic formats of USB connectors the default or standard format intended for desktop or portable equipment for example, on USB flash drives, the mini intended for mobile equipment now deprecated except the Mini B, which is used on many cameras, and the thinner micro size, for low profile mobile equipment most modern mobile phones. Also, there are 5 modes of USB data transfer, in order of increasing bandwidth Low Speed from 1. Full Speed from 1. High Speed from 2. Super. Speed from 3. Super. Speed from 3. USB devices have some choice of implemented modes, and USB version is not a reliable statement of implemented modes. Modes are identified by their names and icons, and the specifications suggests that plugs and receptacles be colour coded Super. Speed is identified by blue. Unlike other data buses e. Ethernet, HDMI, USB connections are directed, with both upstream and downstream ports emanating from a single host. This applies to electrical power, with only downstream facing ports providing power this topology was chosen to easily prevent electrical overloads and damaged equipment. Thus, USB cables have different ends A and B, with different physical connectors for each. Therefore, in general, each different format requires four different connectors a plug and receptacle for each of the A and B ends. USB cables have the plugs, and the corresponding receptacles are on the computers or electronic devices. In common practice, the A end is usually the standard format, and the B side varies over standard, mini, and micro. The mini and micro formats also provide for USB On The Go with a hermaphroditic AB receptacle, which accepts either an A or a B plug. On The Go allows USB between peers without discarding the directed topology by choosing the host at connection time it also allows one receptacle to perform double duty in space constrained applications. There are cables with A plugs on both ends, which may be valid if the cable includes, for example, a USB host to host transfer device with 2 ports, but they could also be non standard and erroneous and should be used carefully. The micro format is the most durable from the point of view of designed insertion lifetime. The standard and mini connectors have a design lifetime of 1,5. Mini B connectors increased this to 5,0. The micro connectors were designed with frequent charging of portable devices in mind, so have a design life of 1. Likewise, the springy component of the retention mechanism, parts that provide required gripping force, were also moved into plugs on the cable side. Historyedit. The basic USB trident logo8A group of seven companies began the development of USB in 1. Compaq, DEC, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, NEC, and Nortel. The goal was to make it fundamentally easier to connect external devices to PCs by replacing the multitude of connectors at the back of PCs, addressing the usability issues of existing interfaces, and simplifying software configuration of all devices connected to USB, as well as permitting greater data rates for external devices. A team including Ajay Bhatt worked on the standard at Intel 1. USB were produced by Intel in 1. The original USB 1. January 1. 99. 6, defined data transfer rates of 1. Mbits. Low Speed and 1. Mbits Full Speed. Microsoft Windows 9. OSR 2. 1 provided OEM support for the devices. The first widely used version of USB was 1. September 1. 99. 8. The 1. 2 Mbits data rate was intended for higher speed devices such as disk drives, and the lower 1. Mbits rate for low data rate devices such as joysticks. Apple Inc. s i. Mac was the first mainstream product with USB and the i. Macs success popularized USB itself. Following Apples design decision to remove all legacy ports from the i. Mac, many PC manufacturers began building legacy free PCs, which led to the broader PC market using USB as a standard. The USB 2. 0 specification was released in April 2. USB Implementers Forum USB IF at the end of 2. Hewlett Packard, Intel, Lucent Technologies now Nokia, NEC, and Philips jointly led the initiative to develop a higher data transfer rate, with the resulting specification achieving 4. Mbits, 4. 0 times as fast as the original USB 1. The USB 3. 0 specification was published on 1. November 2. 00. 8. Its main goals were to increase the data transfer rate up to 5 Gbits, decrease power consumption, increase power output, and be backward compatible with USB 2. USB 3. 0 includes a new, higher speed bus called Super. Speed in parallel with the USB 2. For this reason, the new version is also called Super. Speed. 2. 0 The first USB 3. January 2. 01. 0. As of 2. 00. 8update, approximately 6 billion USB ports and interfaces were in the global marketplace, and about 2 billion were being sold each year. The USB 3. 1 specification was published in July 2. In December 2. 01. USB IF submitted USB 3. USB Power Delivery 2. USB Type C specifications to the IEC TC 1. Audio, video and multimedia systems and equipment for inclusion in the international standard IEC 6. Universal Serial Bus interfaces for data and power, which is currently based on USB 2. The USB 3. 2 specification was published in September 2. Version historyeditOvervieweditRelease name. Release date. Maximum transfer rate. Note. USB 0. 8. December 1. Prerelease. USB 0. April 1. 99. 5Prerelease. USB 0. 9. 9August 1. Prerelease. USB 1. RCNovember 1. 99. Release Candidate. USB 1. 0. January 1. Low Speed 1. 5 MbitsUSB 1. August 1. 99. 8Full Speed 1. Mbits2. 4USB 2. April 2. High Speed 4. MbitsUSB 3. November 2. Super. Speed 5 GbitsAlso referred to as USB 3. Gen 1 by USB 3. 1 standard2. USB 3. 1. July 2. Super. Speed 1. Sams Laser FAQ Home Built Carbon Dioxide CO2 Laser. Sams Laser FAQ, Copyright 1. Samuel M. Goldwasser, All Rights Reserved. I may be contacted via the. Sci. Electronics. Repair FAQ. Email Links Page. Back to Sams Laser FAQ Table of. Sub Table of Contents. Back to Home Built Carbon Dioxide CO2 Laser. Sub Table of Contents. Basic Home Built CO2 Laser Information. The carbon dioxide CO2 laser is the powerhouse for high tech industrial. Small CO2 lasers are. Even a small CO2 laser produces 1. W range Its output is at 1. IR. This wavelength is about 1. At this wavelength, normal glass. Divergencediffraction effects are. Many common materials including wood, paper, plastics, composites, and. CO2 laser makes an effective marking, cutting, welding, and heat treating. See the chapter Carbon Dioxide Lasers for. It is possible for an amateur to construct a working axial flow CO2 laser. Carbon Dioxide. Lasers in the 1. W range without too much difficulty at least. A. vacuum system is needed but the range of operating vacuum is modest 1. Torr. And while several gases are needed, the purity of the final gas. He. Ne laser, and pre mixed gas. See the section More on. Obtaining Gases. With a bit of resourcefulness, no fancy glass work is needed. The power supply. Variac. The required mechanical. And, unlike the other traditional gas lasers He. Ne, ArKr. ion, He. Hg, Cu. ClCu. Br, and the like, once constructed and aligned, the CO2. IFF it is packaged appropriately and provided with essential. In fact, some commercial axial flow. CO2 lasers are just refined versions of what an amateur can build. See the. section Descriptions of Typical Small Flowing. Gas CO2 Lasers. My only complaint about CO2 lasers in general are that the beam is totally. Otherwise, it is nearly the perfect. The following comments should be taken in a positive way in an attempt to. Although, constructing a CO2 laser is easy relative to other types of lasers. NOT easy in an absolute sense. You will have to make a very. Definity Site Administration Windows 7. The costs in can quickly become significant as well if you. If all you want is a reliable working laser, save your money and buy a used. CO2 laser system. Something similar to what you will be building can probably. For example, see the section How to. Get a Laser Without Really Trying Part 1. If you can afford a bit more. CO2 laser system. These have essentially zero. New. systems in the 2. W range can be had for around 5,0. Parallax Technologies. This. is certainly not cheap but may be in the ball park once all your costs. However, note that in either case. For example, focusing lenses to get power to. You may easily spend hundreds of hours in constructing a working CO2 laser. Note that while this estimate. And. providing and preparing the physical space The home built CO2 laser is not. Once everything is put together, all the leaks are plugged, the. Even after you achieve first light or I suppose, more correctly, first. IR, you will then spend countless more hours in getting the laser to be a. If your heart isnt in the laser construction aspects of this. If you DO decide to build your own CO2 laser, dont shoot for the stars, at. Begin with a modest size tube of say, 2 feet in length. There wont be any. V neon sign transformer and it will be. Once you have gotten that. It is easy to scale up something that. However, starting with grandiose plans that fizzle will just lead to. From Flavio Spedalieri fspedalierinightlase. Just to keep the expectations down, and also re capping on the reason why we. For those who are building lasers for use as a tool, e. Lasers for cutting applications should be producing a considerable amounts of. Watts and up to achieve a nice clean cut. At lower powers. it will take longer for the laser to cut the material, either if thin metal. Another reason for having. IR energy, thus you are loosing energy through partial reflections. Cutting lasers generally have to be very rouged, so to be resistant to. Commercial CO2 lasers, are built so to be quite resistant to environmental. Also, many of the controls like vacuum, voltagecurrent, gas. For cutting applications, the laser beam must also be directed to the work. At. the end of the arm, is the objective lens. These optics require to be enhanced. IR beams, also its not very easy at all, nor that trivial to. Please be aware, that home built lasers are much more sensitive to. Home built. lasers require much TLC, adjustments and continual tweeking, plus there. There are three areas of safety considerations for the home built CO2 laser. Laser output The home built CO2 laser producing high power. Almost any working CO2 laser. WATTs of output power with scaled up designs similar to the Sci. Am. laser capable of 1. W or more. This is enough to burn things like property. Take precautions to avoid exposure to the direct or reflected beam. Since it. is invisible, this means clearly labeling where it is and enclosing these in. IR these include glass and most plastics so it. Just because you cant see. Electrical The power supplies can be lethal. Both AC and DC neon. Even if you arent killed, the shock may startle you into doing. Make sure you read and follow the. Safety Guidelines for High Voltage andor Line Powered. Equipment. Insulate all connections and install barriers to prevent. If you are using water cooling either tap water or a closed loop system. Tap water is a fairly. Unless. you have a totally closed system filled with 1. Water and electricity. Hazardous substances While the lasing gases helium, nitrogen, and. CO2 in particular is heavier. Make sure you have adequate. In addition, if you are generating any of these gases rather. Finally, the materials from which some of the optical. So, dont figure on making your own mirrors. In addition, if youve inherited a. See the section. Ion Laser Bore Temperature, Materials, and. Be. O Warning written for ion lasers in particular but applies here as. From Chris Chagaris pyrogrolen. Zinc selenide is an extremely toxic substance by ingestion andor inhalation. This of course could be brought about if. This material liberates. Because of the. materials reactivity with acids, it should NEVER be cleaned with even a weak. H2. Se vapors may be formed. Dermatitis may result. Although. this material is practically insoluble in water, the use of gloves while. Gloves or finger cots should naturally. Particular. care must be exercised when machining and creating dust or particles, not that. I would think anyone will be machining their precious output coupler. Symptoms of ingestion include garlic odor on breath. Ye best friend should. Provide proper warning signs for both the laser radiation and high voltage. Keep pets and small children out of the area and make sure everyone present is. The use of proper laser safety goggles for the. For more information, see the chapter Laser. Safety and the more specific information in the section. CO2 Laser Safety. Sample safety. labels which can be edited for this laser can be found in the section. Laser Safety Labels and Signs. See the article in Light and its Uses. Also. There are complete plans for a CO2 laser in the Iannini books 2 and 3. Books, Collections, Other. They appear virtually the same though there may be a few. See the section. Iannini CO2 Laser Description for more. Laser Kinetics Articles. Papers includes Understanding CO2 Lasers, CO2 Laser Theory, Heat. Lasers, Welding with Lasers, Thermal Effects of Laser Cutting. CO2 Lasers Effects and Applications. W. W. Duley, 1. 97.